第一部分 写作授课要点
短文写作总分20分。短文写作部分要求考生写出一篇80字左右的短文。题材以记叙文为主，试卷可能给出题目或规定情景或段首句。
短文写作的要求为：能够正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语言错误。
写作内容涉及生活，一般常识和私人信件。
短文写作中的题目我们也可以称作命题写作。
情景写作也就是便条写作。
段首句式的写作可以称为主题句式的写作。
一、英语写作训练的要点
英语写作最重要的一点是用英语思维进行写作。
通病：习惯于先把作文翻译成汉语，然后逐字翻译成英语。
在理解和使用英语词汇时，要注意英语和汉语在意义上的不同。
中文：我得努力学习，要不我就要落后了。
错译：I should study hard， otherwise I would be backward.
正译：I should study hard， otherwise I would lag behind.
说明：“backward”是形容词，意为落后的，向后的或缓慢的，（表示性质）；“lag behind”是动词词组，意为落后，落在后面（表示动作或行为）。
中文：你不要学我样，你身体没有我好。（指：情况不一样。）
错译：Never learn from me，since you are not so strong as I am.
正译：Don't follow my example， since you are not so strong as I am.
说明：“Learn from sb.”指“向某人学习”，并不是“照我一样做”的意思。
中文：由于时间关系，我就到此为止。
错译：Due to the time， I should stop here.
正译：As time is up （or： limited）， I am afraid I have to stop here.
说明：“due to…”是“由于……之故”而导致某种结果的意思，本句用due to 不合逻辑。
accept和receive， permit和promise， call one's name和call one by name.
accept 收到（接受）
receive 收到（不一定接受）
permit 允许别人做某事
promise 允许为别人做某事
call one's name 骂某人
call one by name 叫某人的姓名
所以我们在从事英语写作训练的时候：
1.要明确英语写作的意义。
2.要学习和掌握必要的写作理论。
3.要通过大量的阅读，新概念第二册比较适合。
二、如何限题和写提纲
定题：选择恰当的题目。
命题：“Teaching”
过于笼统：Teaching
仍较广泛：Teaching Number Concept
范围缩小：Teaching Number Concept to Children
范围明确：Teaching Number Concept to Children at Five
命题“Child Behaviour”
过于笼统：Child Behaviour
仍较广泛：How Children Play Together
范围缩小：How Girls Play Together
范围明确：Patterns of Play Among Primary School Girl Students
写提纲的好处：1. 可以扩大思路
2. 可以按次序排好素材
3. 将文章分成段
4. 明确写作的中心思想
“The Advantages of Travel （旅行的益处。）”
根据这一题目，在构思时可能会想到以下内容：
1.seeing strange and different things （看到各种奇异的东西）
2.meeting people with different interests （遇到有各种不同兴趣的人）
3.keeping us fit and healthy （有助于身体健康）
4.enjoying beautiful scenery （欣赏各地美景）
5.understanding how people live （了解人们怎样生活）
6.visiting famous cities and scenic spots （浏览名城和名胜）
7.tasting different foods and local flavours （品尝各地风味）
8.getting ideas of the conditions and customs of other people （了解各地风土人情）
9.arousing the fervent love for our motherland （激起对祖国的热爱）
10.gaining knowledge of geography and history （获得地理历史知识）
11.making one less narrow minded （使人心胸开阔）
12.gaining other knowledge （获得其他方面知识）
13.seeing places read of in books （目睹曾在书上读到过的地方）
I. enjoy places of interest
a. enjoy beautiful scenery in different places （4）
b. see places read of in books （13）
c. visit famous cities and scenic spots （6）
II. know people and their customs
a.meet people with different interest （2）
b.see strange and different things （1）
c.get ideas of the conditions and customs of other people （8）
d.taste different foods and local flavours （7）
e.understand how people live in different ways （5）
III. benefit us both mentally and physically
a.gain knowledge of geography and history （10）
b.gain other knowledge （12）
c.arouse the fervent love for our motherland （9）
d.keep us healthy （3）
e.make one less narrow minded （11）
The Advantages of Travel
Travel is beneficial to us in at least three ways.
First， by traveling we can enjoy the beautiful scenery in different places. We will see with our own eyes many places read of in books， and visit some famous cities and scenic spots.
Second， we will meet people with different interests and see strange and different things when we travel. We can get ideas of the conditions and customs of other people， taste different foods and local flavours if we like. In this way， we can understand how differently other people live.
Third， travel will not only help us to gain knowledge of geography and history and other knowledge， which arouses the fervent love for our motherland， but will also help us keep healthy and make us less narrow-minded. Travel does benefit us both mentally and physically.
With all these advantages of travel， it is no wonder that travel has now become more popular than ever in China.
在写100字左右的作文，我们也强调三段论。第一句话或第一段我们强调我们要写的内容，第二段找一些例子阐述一下。第三段再次把我们强调的内容引申的说一下。
三、文章的三个部分
引言 introduction
正文 body
结束语 conclusion
引言 introduction
1. When you are waiting in front of a theatre or at the train terminals， you will realize how important punctuality is. Punctuality is really a virtue， especially in a busy city like Shanghai. Perhaps if everybody were punctual， there would be less suffering and sorrow.
正文 body
2. Punctuality is the main constituent of good character. A person， who is always in time for his appointment， shows real consideration for others. On the other hand， a person who is always late shows his selfishness and thoughtlessness and he is not worthy to be friend with.
constituent 构成
selfishness 自私
3. Some people often say that they cannot always be punctual since traffic is so heavy these days. I think traffic congestion cannot be an excuse for being late. As everybody knows that we might meet an unexpected congestion on the roads， we should leave a bit earlier for the appointment to ensure that we would not be late.
traffic congestion 交通堵塞
4. Some people always have a lot of excuses for coming late. When they finally arrive， they keep on saying sorry to their friends and then explain. The excuse is not always traffic congestion， sometimes they complain that they have met a friend on the road or have helped a blind man to cross the road. Some also like to blame their watches， the clocks at home or in the office. To such people， we cannot help but say sorry that we have come too early.
keep on doing sth. 一直做某事
5. Yet after all such smart fellows will soon find that gradually their friends become fewer and fewer. Perhaps at that time， they would realize how important punctuality is.
结束语 conclusion
6. To be or not to be punctual is a habit. So when we are young， we should try to be punctual every time and never be late for it is much more easily acquired in youth than when we are older.
The person I shall never forget
The person I shall never forget is Qingfengxiang. She is the best friend in my life.
She often listens to me when my mood is bad. Moreover， she usually gives me some advices if I need help. Sometimes， she lends money to me if I want to buy some new clothes.
I will never forget her help even though I already left Wuhan city. I think that she will be one of the most important person during my life. I hope that the friendship of us will keep forever.
修改后
I will never forget her help even though I have already left Wuhan city. I think that she will be one of the most important persons in my life. I hope that the friendship of us will keep forever.
修改后
She often listens to me when I'm in a bad mood. Moreover， she usually gives me some advices if I need help. Sometimes， she lends money to me if I want to buy some new clothes.
Why We Learn English
English is an international language now. Everyone needs to know English.
When we will visit a great number of different places in the word， we need to talk about local person with English. We are interesting in books， otherwise nowadays many of the valuable books are written in English or translated into English. We in order to go through ones， so we should have a good command of English.
We should try our best to learn the English language well.
修改后
When we visit a great number of different places in the world， we need to talk about a local person in English. Nowadays many of the valuable books are written in English or translated into English， so if we are interested in books， we should have a good command of English.
修改后
We should try our best to learn English well.
专升本英语作文考试中，语法一定要简明扼要，而且要正确。
四、如何开端和结尾
文章开端的常见写法
1. 背景法：说明事件发生的时间、地点、情景等背景。如：
I was once spending the month of 1982 in a small seaside village in the south of China. It is a wonderful place quiet and not fashionable. People usually do not go there.
2. 人物法：交代文章所要描述的主要人物或有关人物。如：
Once upon a time there was an honest old fellow named Hans. He had a kind heart and a funny， round， good humoured face. He lived in a tiny cottage all alone， and every day he worked in his garden.
alone 独自一人
lonely 孤独的
3. 主题句法：提出一个观点或论据作为文章要阐明和论述的主题。如：
One of the most notable phases of the industrial revolution was the rapid growth of cities ——the shifting of population from rural districts to the urban centers.
rural 乡村的unban 城市的
4. 问题法：用提出问题的方法来引出文章的内容，以吸引读者的注意力。如：
What is the nature of the scientific attitude， the attitude of the man who studies and applies physics， chemistry， medicine， engineering or any other science？
5. 惊语法：用令人感到惊奇的句子开头，激起读者的兴趣。如：
A 39-storeyed building in construction collapsed in the city yesterday.
6. 故事法：以讲述一段故事作为引子，在此基础上展开故事情节。如：
I was spending the night in my aunt's villa one summer. That night， being on a strange bed and feeling excited prevented me from sleeping. I slipped out of bed and went to the bathroom. Suddenly， a strange noise coming from behind made me spin around.
villa 别墅
prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
spin around 使人头晕目眩
7. 数据法：引用已经证实的某些统计数字来引起话题。如：
The fact that less than 5% of the British population graduate from universities may seem surprising， especially when compared with the American percentage of over 30%
8. 引语法：摘录或引用某些名人的名言或常见的习语、谚语，作为文章的开端。如：
Happiness is very important to our life. Shakespeare said， “One who is unhappy can never get a beneficial result.”
be important to
9. 定义法：常见于对标题下定义，然后通过举例，逻辑推理等方法加以详细说明。如：
A true good student is one who possesses good morality， sound health， perfect knowledge and various abilities.
morality 道德品质
sound adj.健康的
对于不到100字的短文，我们通常用人物交代法、主题句法等。
文章结尾的常见写法
1. 简要评价或作结论：文章最后用几句话概括全文内容，并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。如：
In short， we can say that science to human beings is like food to our bodies. Science frees us from the bondage of Nature. Science itself is innocent， but sometimes man has misused it.
in short 简而言之
2. 重复主题句：回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到再次肯定和强调的效果。如：
With the foregoing three points in mind， one may be a true good student.
3. 用反问结尾：虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考。如：
If there were no homework on weekends， students would come to school on Monday well refreshed and willing to work. Teachers， don't you agree？
4. 含蓄句：用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明或写明作者的看法，而让读者自己去意会和思考。如；
Do you really think that Beijing is the liveliest city in China？ I never asked it. But I could read the answer in every eye.
5. 提出展望或期望：表示对将来的展望或期待读者投入行动。如：
Now we can say that in the last quarter of the 20th century， society will probably have its greatest change.
6. 引语句：用格言、谚语或习语总结全文。如：
Later riser may find it very difficult to cultivate the habit of early rising. They ought to make a special effort to do so. As the English proverb says， “Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy， wealthy and wise.”
cultivate vt.培养， 耕作
在专升本100字以内的作文中，常用的是重复主题句、简单评价或者做总结。
描写文思考题：
1. My Grandfather/Grandmother
Have you a grandfather or a grandmother？ Have you two grandfathers or grandmothers？ Who is your favourite grandparent？ What does he/she look like？ How old is he/she？ What work does he/she do？ Has he/she retired？ If so， what work used he/she to do？ Where does he/she live？ Does anybody look after him/her？ How often do you see him/her？ What does he/she do most days？
2. Friends
Have you any friends？ What are their names？ Why do you like them？ About how old are they？ Where do they live？ What work do they do？ When do you meet them？ What things do you and they do together？
3. My Neighbours
Do you know your neighbours well？ Are any of them of about your own age？ Are any of them friends of yours？ What work do they do？ Are any of them especially interesting？ When do you see them？ When do you meet them？ What do you and they do together？
My Grandmother
原文：
My grandmother is a kind and honest woman. She is always very friendly， so everyone likes her.
My grandmother is 76 years old， but she looks younger. She lives in Hunan. She worked as a worker in a factory. She was diligent and liked her job very much. But now， she always stays at home and watches TV. We worry about her health， （Because） my family living closely， so we often take her to go for walks.
I hope to see her very soon. I miss her very much.
Friends
原文：
I have many friends. I usually telephone or write to them. Friends may make me happy. They reminds me of the wonderful time we （have） played before. The friendship （is） like sunshine in my life.
Today we have the one-child policy in （China） china. （Children） Child maybe feel（s） lonely at home. As a boy's mother， I am thinking the way to help him to make more friends. I get to find （that） some mothers of his kindergarten have the same idea. So we （organize） are organized together. We often take our children to the park and they play freely. We swim in summer and skate in winter.
I have found a new idea recently. I （have） invited one of them to my home on weekend（s）， （they） just （play） like brothers in a family. The children （have） played well and happily. Sometimes they quarrel （with） to each other of course. That's also a way （of） making them get to know how to get together with others.
Have fun！ The more friends you make（，） the more happiness you would have！
remind sb. of sth.
My Neighbors
原文：
Living in a tall building（，）。 I have many neighbors. Now， I want to tell you about my neighbors who live with me in the same （storey） story.
On the right side is the Yang's and on the left is the Liu's. They all have a daughter and they all like dogs. Several years ago， they usually talked about their daughters. Such as how fast their daughters （grew） grow up and so on. Now their daughters have grown up to be young ladies. So they change to feed dogs. Every evening I meet them （lead） leading the dog in our stairs and say “Hello” to them. As soon as they come out of the gate something is changed. To my surprise， it's the dogs that leading them to have the walk！ The dogs are running fast ahead and they are chasing after （them） it. They tell me that they are doing their evening exercises！
My son likes dogs too. He always visits the Yong's and plays with the dog Baobao （the dog's name）。 They make good friends. Baobao always barks at strangers but never at my son.
“Neighbors （are） even closer than far relatives！” I am so happy that I am getting along well with my neighbors.
bark at sb. 向某人喊叫
五、如何写正文——段落中的主题句
主题句（topic sentence）在段落中的位置和表示法
1. 主题句写在段落的开端，后面的支持句为主题句提供论证或细节，初学者以使
用此法为宜。如：
Americans make no distinction in greeting friends， acquaintances， elders， or superiors. When Americans see someone they know only by sight， they are likely to say “Hi” in all cases. This does not mean that they have no more regard for friends than for casual acquaintances. It only means that “Hi” serves as greeting for both.
superior 上级，长者
2. 主题句写在段落末了，前面都是提供细节的支持句，内容逐渐收拢，最后用一
句总结的主题句加以概括。
Americans might be embarrassed because their Japanese friends are so formal with them. Japanese might feel insulted because American acquaintances greet them casually. Still， the forms of greeting in both countries only show respect for other. It just happens that Americans and Japanese have a different way of looking at human relationships and thus have a different way of showing respect.
3. 主题句写在段落的开端和写在末了。主题句先在段首出现，在段末又重复一遍，
这种在首尾两处出现主题句的写法，具有强调或突出中心思想的作用。如：
Good manners are important in all countries， but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans eat with knives and forks； Japanese eat with chopsticks. Americans say “Hi” when they meet； Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women； Japanese men do not.
be different form 和……是不同的
bow [ bau ]n.弓， 乐弓， 弓形， 鞠躬， 船首v.鞠躬， 弯腰
On the surface， it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan， and in a way this is true. But in any country， the only manners that are important are those involving one person's behavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country.
in a way=in one way=in some ways 在某种程度上
eg. The changes are an improvement in one way.
Good manners are important in all countries， but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country.
It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country.
4. 主题句写在段落中间或其它地方。此时，要根据上下文的意思才能确定该段落
中体现中心思想的句子。如：
Californians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. But they are very different in their ways of life. Mobility both physical and psychological has made a great impression on the culture of Californians； lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders.
abide by sth. 遵守某事物，忠于某事物
Abide（ abided， abided）
1） 用于否定句或疑问句中与can， could 连用；容忍、忍受、忍耐
eg. I can't abide that man. 我对那个人忍无可忍。
How could you abide such conditions？ 这种环境你怎么受得了呢？
2） abide by sth. 遵守某事物，忠于某事物
abide by an agreement 履行协议
3） （abode， abode） 逗留，延续，居留
abide at a place 住在某地；abide with sb. 和某人同住。
mobility 流动性
make an impression on sth.（sb.） 给某人很深的印象
5. 有时，主题句没有明显地表示出来，而用一种含蓄的方法加以表示。这时需要
读者对整段意思加以领会，然后自己归纳出一句能体现全段中心思想的主题句来。
如：
First you must wait for a sunny day. Remember that the rays of the sun are most direct between 11 a.m. and 2 p.m. This is the time when you will tan the quickest. At the right time and on the right day， pick an open spot outdoors and lay out a large towel or beach mat. You want to bring along several things： suntan oil， a portable radio， a book or magazine， sunglasses， a pillow. It is a good idea not to stay in the sun too long at first.
Begin with a half hour， and then gradually increase the time you spend in the sun. Certain parts of your body will burn more quickly than others. These include the backs of your knees， the insides of your elbows， your shoulders， and your nose. Be sure to cover these spots with suntan oil when you first go outside. Cover them again with oil after you have been out in the sun for a while.
（可能的含蓄主题句：Taking a sunbath calls for careful planning. 或It calls for careful planning to take a sunbath.）
写好主题句的三条原则
1. 要能说明段落中心思想的内容。
2. 要有能体现中心思想的关键词。
3. 尽量使用简洁明了的句子。
句1：In the United States， the system of forced labor， which was known as slavery lasted almost 250 years.
句2：In the United States， the system of forced labor lasted almost 250 years.
句3：Slavery lasted almost 250 years in the United States.
句4：Pride and Prejudice was a book which in my opinion I enjoyed reading very much. （复杂又冗长）
句5：I enjoyed reading Pride and Prejudice very much. （直接又清晰）
enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事
My Favourite Character in Fiction
Do you read a lot of fiction？ Do you enjoy it？ What type of fiction do you like best？ Who is your favourite author？ Who is your favourite character in fiction？ Why do you like him/her so much？ What sorts of things does he/she do？
My Favourite School Subject
What subjects do you study at school？ Which of them do you dislike？ Which do you like？ Which is your favourite among these？ Who teaches you this subject？ How long have you been studying it？ What sort of marks or grades do you get for it？ Why is it your favourite subject？
Sports
What kind of sports do you like？ What's the reason？ When do you do exercises？
My Favorite Character in Fiction
原文：
I often read short （stories） fiction to my son. “Heidi” is my favorite one. （It tells me a lot） more besides the fiction itself.
Heidi is a very cute and childlike girl. She was brought to her grandfather （and） lived in a small village in Switzerland when her aunt had to work in a wealthy family. Heidi liked the wonderful nature there and she was always caring about people. She brought happiness to her grandfather. This made her grandfather changed. He began to help and acre about others instead of having been called a （stubborn） miserable old man （before） by people before.
In the end Heidi went to the wealthy family her aunt worked in. She was asked to be as a companion with Clara （a girl （sitting） with （in a） wheelchair and couldn't go to school）。 They made friends. Heidi helped Clara get stronger and stronger（。） （In the end she） even could walk！
From this （novel） fiction I get to find what the most important thing is in my life： Live （actively） in an active way and smile every day， care more about others and you can make the world turnfrom （sadness to happiness） sad to glad. Do you agree with me？
My Favorite School Subject
原文：
I （study） studied -the secretary at school. There （are） were about twenty-eight subjects -need to study in five terms. They （are mainly） were principle in secretary， writing of official document（s）， English， psychology， logic and so on. I liked to study all of the subjects but English is my favorite among these. Mr. Yang （teaches） taught us this subject. He is very humorous and has （a） profound knowledge and extensive learning. We all （like） liked to listen to his lecture（s）。 I have been studying English about two years and I （find studying English） found study it is more and more interesting.
Sports
原文：
I like sport（s）。 My favorite sport（s） （are） is badminton and swimming. I don't like running.
I always play badminton on Sundays. Badminton is an interesting sport. I think who play badminton often can get cleverer and fitter than who does not. I am not good at swimming. But I （often） go -to swimming -often， especially in winter. Keeping fit is popular in this modern age. I think -the sport is the best way （to keep fit） for keeping fit. Running is a good sport， someone likes it. But I don't like （it）。 I think it's so boring.
-The spring is coming. Let us -to do sport. |
