第九节 基本句型13-1
英语的基本句型有五种：
1.主语+谓语动词（不及物动词）。如：
My grandma can neither read nor write.
2.主语+谓语动词+宾语。如：
Morning exercises will do you a lot of good.
3.主语+谓语动词+表语。如：
In Beijing， the best season of the year is probably autumn.
4.主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。如；
The professor gave us a speech yesterday.
5.主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语。如：
Mary had her hair cut yesterday.
第十节 句子的分类
一、按用途分类
句子按用途分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
（一）陈述句
陈述句说明一个事实或是表达说话人的看法。如：
She arrived quite early.
I dont see any point in making another speech on this problem.
（二）疑问句
疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
1.一般疑问句
一般疑问句通常以助动词开始，要求以yes 或no回答。如：
“Will you pass on a message to him？” “Yes， whats it？”
“Do you like sports？” “No， I prefer reading in my spare time. ”
2.特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句以疑问代词开头，后面通常接一般疑问句，如果疑问词或其修饰的词作句子的主语，后面应用陈述句句序。如：
How much did she charge ？
Who is responsible for the accident？（be responsible for 为……负责）
“______ do you record the temperature in the lab？”
“Every two hours.”
A. How soon B. How long C. How often D. How much（答案 C how often 表示频率，how soon最快……，how long 一段延续的时间，how much 问价钱）
3.选择疑问句
选择疑问句在结构上类似于一般疑问句，选择的两部分由or连接起来。如：
Do you prefer coffee or tea？ -Either will do.
Are you from Shanghai or Suzhou？-Im from Suzhou.
4.反意疑问句
反意疑问句由两部分组成，前一部分用陈述句的形式，后一部分是一个简短的问句。如果前一部分用肯定形式，后一部分通常用否定形式，前一部分用否定形式，后一部分就用肯定形式，两部分主语的人称、时态应保持一致。如：
You are going out today， arent you？
We cant take the books out， can we？
当反意疑问句的前一部分是否定句，或含有no， nothing， never， hardly， seldom等词时，回答时应特别注意。事实上肯定的用yes，事实上否定的用no.
You wont be away for long， will you？-No， Ill be back in ten minutes.
He is hardly ten， is he？-Yes， he is ten.
You havent any objection to the idea， have you？-No， I havent.（objection to 反对，to是介词）
They have no classes tomorrow， have they？-No， they havent.
日常用语中有些反意疑问句构成与上述不同，有其独特的方式。如：
Have a cup of tea， will you？
Lets meet at the station， shall we？
What a lovely day， isnt it？
4.反意疑问句
1. You never told us his phone number， _______？
A. hadnt you B. didnt you C. had you D. did you
答案 D
2. I dont think youve heard of him before， ________？
A. dont I B. do I C. have you D. havent you
答案 C
3. Mountains can be very dangerous， ________？
A. cant they B. arent they C. dont they C. wont they
答案 A
4. “Jill has a toothache.”
“Its been hurting her for quite a while， _______？”
A. isnt it B. doesnt it C. wasnt it D. hasnt it
答案 D
5. Beginners have to learn from their mistakes， _______ they？
A. havent B. mustnt C. dont D. arent
learn from 从……学到
答案 C
6. “Its awfully cold this morning.”
“Yes， but its not colder than it was yesterday， _______ it？”
A. wasnt B. isnt C. is D. was
答案 C
7. Lets try a bit harder， _______？
A. will we B. shall we C. do we D. are we
答案 B
（三）祈使句
祈使句表示请求、命令、叮嘱、号召等，主语一般是you，在句子中省略，谓语动词用原形，否定一般在谓语前加dont .如：
Lets not waste time arguing about it. （waste time doing）
Be sure to come here before nine.
Dont do that again.
Dont hesitatie to turn to me if you are in trouble. （turn to sb.向某人求助）
（四）感叹句
感叹句表示说话人的惊异、喜悦、气愤等情绪，一般由what或how引导，what修饰名词，how修饰形容词或副词。What + n.； How+ adj. 如：
What good news it is！
How good the news is！
What silly questions you asked！
How silly the questions you asked！
What a bad memory Ive got！ I even forgot to bring the book with me.
How bad the memory Ive got！
Look！ _______ lovely day it is ！
A. What B. How C. What a D. How a
（答案 C）
句法部分的一个重要考核点是反意疑问句。其提问部分的助动词和主语（往往是代词）应该与前半句一致，回答部分前后应保持一致。如：
1.Your name is Mary， _______？
A. arent you B. is it C. isnt it D. are you
（答案 C）
2.John studies in a state university， _________ he？
A. do not B. does C. doesnt D. do
（答案 C）
3.“She wasnt in when her husband came， was she？”
“______， but she returned a few minutes later.”
A. No， she was B. No， she wasnt
C. Yes， she was D. Yes， she wasnt
（答案 B）
此外，考生应注意句型lets … ，其后面往往用shall we 提问。如：
Lets do the cleaning right after class， _____？
A. will you B. shall we C. do you D. can we
（答案 B）
另一类需引起注意的句子是感叹句。感叹句的引导词是what（修饰名词）或how（修饰形容词、副词），考生应特别注意what修饰的名词，看它是可数还是不可数，是单数还是复数，若是单数，前面往往需加不定冠词。
1._______ wonderful birthday I am having！
A. What B. What a C. How D. How much
答案 B
2.________ lovely weather we have been having these days！
A. How B. What C. How a D. What a
答案 B
3.How lovely they are！
二、按结构分类
考试大纲要求：
句子按结构分类可分为简单句、并列句和复合句
（一）简单句
只包含一个主谓结构，而句子各个成分都由单词或短语构成的句子叫做简单句。如：
Im going to the Great Wall tomorrow.
（二）并列句
包含两个或两个以上互不依从的简单句的句子叫并列句。并列句中的分句通常用逗号、分号或并列连词连接起来。如：
Id like to travel in the holidays， but my wife insists on going to her parents home.
There was no news； nevertheless， he went on hoping.（go on doing sth. 继续做某事）
（三）复合句
大纲要求：
（1）主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句的构成及其常用关联词；
（2）定语从句的种类、构成及常用关联词；
（3）状语从句的种类及其常用关联词。
它指的是包含两个和两个以上的主谓结构的句子，其中至少有一个主谓结构充当句子的某个成份。比如当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等，这个主谓结构就称为从句，所有从句都要用陈述句句序。
1.主语从句
主语不是一个词而是一个句子，它因为有这个主句了，所以主语这个句子叫从句。主语从句可以位于句首，也可以位于句子的尾部，而在句首一般用it做它的形式主语，引导主语从句的关连有that和whether
这两个都是不能省略的。
What she did is not yet know.
It is certain that we shell be late.
It is curt to him that he had forgot to buy the book.
How the prisoner is escape is a complete secret.
1. ______ at the meeting yesterday is of great importance to the development of our business.
A. That we discussed B. What we discussed
C. How did we discuss D. What did we discuss
答案 B
（be of importance= be important）
2. _______ you say now cant make up for what youve done.
A. No matter B. Whatever C. However D. That
make up for 为……补偿
答案 B
3. _______ was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality.
A. That B. Which C. Who D. What
答案 D
4. _______ you do， do it well.
A. What B. Which C. That D. Whatever
which不能引导主语从句。
whatever=no matter what
答案 D
5. __________ the prisoner escaped is a mystery.
A. What B. How C. That D. Which
引导主语从句的关联词是that，whether和疑问词。
答案 B
2.宾语从句
引导宾语从句的关联词与主语从句基本相同。关联词that一般可以省略，whether一般可与if（“是否”）互换。宾语从句有时也可以放在句子的后部，而在前面用it作形式宾语。宾语从句还可以接在介词后面。
They told us again that the situation was serious.
I doubt whether he will come.
I dont know if you could help me tomorrow.
We all thought it a pity that you had failed the exam.
1. The photos will show you _______.
A. what does the house look like B. what the house looks like
C. how does the house look like D. how the house looks like
答案 B
2. I hope ______ my letter.
A. her to answer B. that she should answer
C. that she will answer D. her answering
hope to do sth.
hope+that从句。将来时用will.
She hopes to work in this company.
答案 C
3. These apples are very expensive. Do you know _______？
A. how do they cost B. how many do they cost
C. how much do they cost D. how much they cost
答案 D
4. The story of Jonar implies _________ love can not be separated from responsibility.
A. how B. if C. that D. whether
答案 C
separate from 和……分开
5. He wondered ________.
A. what will be his wifes reaction B. what would his wifes reaction be C. what his wifes reaction would be D. how would be his wifes reaction
答案 C
6. The fat lady asked Alex _______ he wanted something to eat.
A. what B. if C. that D. which
答案 B
7. The teacher asked me ________.
A. whether or not I had finished my work B. did I finish my work or not C. is my work finished or not D. if or not I have finished my work
答案 A
whether or not
8. Although I expected something different， I was still surprised by _______ he said.
A. what B. which C. that D. how
答案 A
修饰不定代词的形容词放在不定代词后面。
人做主语surprise用过去分词做表语。
9. I dont know his address except ________ it was Leadenhall Street.
A. that B. whether C. what D. where
答案 A
10. Mr. Lamb did not know _______ he should renew the lease （租约） or not.
A. what B. whether C. if D. which
答案 B
3.表语从句
表语从句与宾语从句基本相同。如：
The problem is who we can get to replace her.
Thats why we had to put off the meeting.（put off：延期）
1. The reason why I didnt go to France was _______ a new job.
A. because I got B. because of getting
C. due to D. that I got
due to sth./sb.： because of sth./sb. 由于某事物/某人
The teams success was largely due to her efforts. 该队的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。
He was late due to the very heavy traffic.他迟到是因为交通拥挤。
答案 D
2. He works too hard. That is _______ is wrong with him.
A. that which B. the what C. what D. the thing what
答案 C
3. One reason why women live longer than men after retirement is ______ women can continue to do something they are used to doing.
A. because B. for C. since D. that
be used to doing
答案 D
4.同位语从句
同位语从句常位于idea， fact， news， fear， belief， doubt， proof， evidence等名词后面，对这些名词作进一步解释。同位语从句大多由关联词that 引导（that不可以省略）。如：
The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.
Have you heard the news that we will have a picnic next week？
There can be no doubt that my brother is qualified for the job.
Where did you get the idea that the class would be cancelled？
So far there is no proof _______ spaceships from other planets do exist.
A. which B. that C. how D. what
答案 B
5.定语从句
定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
限定性定语从句是句子不可缺少的一部分，没有它，句子不能成立，或意思不清楚，不说明问题。
非限定性定语从句只对其修饰的部分作进一步的说明，没有它句子其他部分仍然可以成立。非限定性定语从句常用逗号与前面的部分隔开。
5.定语从句
1）修饰人的定语从句
who 主语／宾语（口语中，可省略）
that 主语/宾语（可省略，前面不能有介词）
whom 宾语（前面没有介词时可省略）
whose 定语
Do you know the person to whom he is talking？
Do you know the person（whom/that） he is talking to？
He is the man （who/whom/that） you can rely on.
He is the man on whom you can rely.
Do you know the woman who（that） is watching TV？
Youre the only one whose advice he might listen to.
The girls whose names were called stood up.
Here is the man （whom/that） youve been looking for.
He is a man on whom you can safely depend.
2）修饰物的定语从句
如果修饰的词是物，而它在定语从句中做主语，则可以用that和which.
如果修饰的词是物，而它在定语从句中做宾语，则可以用that（可省略，前面不能有介词）和which（前面没有介词时可省略）。
whose后接名词做定语。
She wasnt on the train which /that arrived just now.
The dog which/that was lost has been found.
This is the question about which weve had so much discussion.
This is the question（that/which） weve had so much discussion about.
The novel （that/which） he recommended is worth reading.（be worth doing；值得做某事）
当定语从句修饰的词是不定代词，如anybody， nobody， nothing等，或是有only， very， 形容词最高级等修饰的名词时，从句的关联词往往用that ， that作从句的主语或宾语，作宾语时常被省略。
Is there anything （that ） I can do for you？
All（that） you have to do is to close the door and wait for him.
This is one of the easiest questions that do not need answering.
There is no one in the world who/that does not make a mistake.
定语从句修饰的词是不定代词、only、very、形容词最高级关联词用that，如果that在从句中做宾语，则可以省略。
3）修饰时间、地点、原因的定语从句
修饰时间的用when，相当于相当于“介词+ which”，在句中做状语。
修饰地点的用where，相当于相当于“介词+ which”，在句中做状语。
修饰原因的一般情况下跟的都是reason，用why关联词引导定语从句。
He came last night when I was going to bed.
I know of a place where we can have lunch.
Shes going home where she can rest.
Do you know the reason why I left early？
Theres no reason why he should do so.
4）非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句中不能用关联词that.修饰人时用who， whose， whom； 修饰物时用which， whose；修饰地点和时间的名词，且作状语时分别用where， when.如：
Water， which is a clear liquid， has many uses.
Our guide， who is a Chinese ， is an excellent cook.
They will fly to Boston， where they can plan to stay for four days， and then go to New York.
He picked up the book， the cover of which had been torn.（tear-tore-torn 撕裂、撕碎）
He is our English teacher， whose wife is a manager in a big firm.
非限定性定语从句还可以修饰整个句子，关联词只能用which.
The activity was postponed， which was exactly what we wanted.
They have invited me to attend the party， which is very kind of them.
限定型定语从句，如果修饰物并做宾语，前面又有介词，只能用which. 但是如果定语从句修饰的是不定代词，或是only，very以及形容词最高级，只能用that.在非限定性定语从句中修饰物只能用which，修饰人只能用who.如果非限定性定语从句修饰整个句子，关联词只能用which.
as 也可以引导定语从句，多和such连用。如：
Boy as he was， he was chosen king.
He was in such a fury as I have never seen.
Lets discuss only such questions as concern everyone of us.
1. August 15， 1999 was one of the greatest days in his life ______ he was accepted by a university.
A. while B. that C. which D. when
答案 D
2. Our concert turned out to be a great success， _______ they had never expected.
A. what B. that C. when D. which
答案 D
3. It was a cold winter night， and there wasnt anyone _______ the boy could turn to for help in the street.
A. that B. which C. whom D. what
答案 A
turn to sb. 向某人求助
4. All _____ is a continuous supply of fuel.
A. what is needed B. the thing needed
C. that is needed D. for their needs
答案 C
5. Huang Hong， ________ father is a taxi driver， studies computer science in the U.S.
A. her B. shes C. whose D. that
答案 C
6. Mr. Li is going to visit the university ________ he studied 25 years ago.
A. where B. which C. that D. in where
答案 D 正确答案 in which
答案 A
7. She had three sons， all ________ became doctors.
A. of which B. which C. of whom D. who
答案 C
8. The only thing _________ really matters to the children is how soon they can return home.
A. that B. which C. what D. /
答案 A
9. “Do you know Tom？”
“I think so. Isnt he _______ smokes incessantly（不停地）？”
A. who B. the man C. the man who D. the person which
答案 C
10. The seventeenth century was one ________ many significant advances were made in both science and philosophy.
A. in that B. in which C. whose D. of
答案 B
11. English words are not always spelled ________.
A. the way they sound B. the way they to sound
C. the way theyre sounding D. as they are sounding
答案 A
12. Angel was the first girl ________ when you got here.
A. you talked to whom B. you talked to
C. whom you talked D. who talked you
A的正确答案为whom you talked to/to whom you talked to
答案 B
13. He arrived late， ________ was annoying.
A. what B. that C. which D. whom
答案 C
14. She was extremely understanding， _______ helped to calm James down.
A. which B. it C. that D. this
答案 A
15. Ive never dined with you， sir； and I see no reason ________.
A. how should I now B. how I should now
C. why should I now D. why I should now
答案 D
16. The letter _______ I mailed to my sister a month before Christmas has not yet reached her.
A. that B. which C. / D. all of the above
答案 D
17. ________ is known to the world， Mark Twain was a great American writer.
A. That B. Which C. As D. It
答案 C
6.状语从句
状语从句可以用来表示时间、地点、条件、原因、目的、结果、行为方式、比较、让步等。
1）时间状语从句
常用的关联词有when， whenever， before， after， while， as， once（一旦），until， （ever） since， as soon as等。时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的情况通常用一般现在时。如：
When you cross a road， you must be careful.
It will not be long before we meet again.
She comes here every month since she was a child to see her grandmother.
As soon as I know it， Ill tell you.
2）地点状语从句
关联词有 where 和 wherever.如：
Sit down wherever you like.
Put it where you found it.
3）条件状语从句
关联词有if， unless， as / so long as（只要），in case（万一）等。如：
As/So long as we dont give up， we are bound to succeed.（be bound to do sth. 注定要做某事；give up 放弃）
In case I gorget， please remind me of that.（remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人做某事）
If it snows tomorrow， we will stay at home.
I will do anything as long as it is interesting.
4）原因状语从句
关联词有because， as（由于，因为）， since（由于，既然），now that（既然），that等。
As I didnt know the way， I asked a policeman.
Since no one is against， well adopt the proposal.
Seeing that shes ill， shes unlikely to come.
Not that I dislike the work， but that I have no time.
4）原因状语从句
because， as since， for 皆为“因为”时的区别：
a.because 语气最强，用以回答why引导的问句。它可和强调词only， just以及否定词not连用，其所引导的从句常位于主句之后，只有强调时才置于主句之前。Because从句还可以用于强调结构，如It was because I wanted to see my mother that I went to Beijing last month.（It was…that/ It is …that）
b.As语气较弱，较口语化，所表的原因比较明显，或是已知的事实，所以不用强调。As从句之前不可用强调句和not， 也不可用于强调结构。As从句多置于主句之前。
c.Since 的语气也比较弱，常表示对方已知的事实，往往相当于汉语的“既然”。它和as 一样，其前也不可用强调词和not， 也不可用强调结构。
d.For 和上述三个从属连词不同，它是一个等立连词，比较文气。它有时可用来作附加说明，We must get rid of carelessness， for it often leads to errors. 我们一定要克服粗枝大叶的毛病，因为这常导致错误。
5）目的状语从句
关联词有so that， in order that， for fear that（以免）， in case（以免）等。
Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
He spoke slowly in order that everyone should understand.
Ive got the key in case we want to go inside.
6）结果状语从句
关联词有so that， so…that， such…that等。such+名词，so+形容词，副词。
Its such a good chance that we cant miss it.
He was so angry that he could not speak.
Everybody lent a hand so that the work was finished ahead of time.
7）方式状语从句
关联词主要有as（正如）和as if， as though.
He looks as if hes tired.
I did just as you told me.
8）让步状语从句
关联词有though， although， as（虽然）， even if， even though， no matter， whatever， however等。
Though I am fond of music， I cant play any instrument.（be fond of 喜爱）
Although it is difficult， well do it.
Whatever you say， I dont believe you.
as 引导让步状语从句时， 句子需要倒装。
Try as you may， you will never succeed.
Young as she is， she is already familiar with most of the stories.
（be familiar with 对……熟悉；be similar to 和……相似）
Old as I am， I can still climb the mountain.
9）比较状语从句
关联词主要有than和as（像…一样）。
I can walk faster than you can run.
He spent twice as much time on this picture as on that one.
He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep.
1. If anybody ______ me while Im out， tell him Ill call him back later on.
A. phones B. will phone C. is phoning D. phoned
答案 A
2. We must begin testing the instrument， no matter _______ difficult it is.
A. what B. how C. when D. where
答案 B
3. Ill leave him a note ________ hell know where we are.
A. so that B. that C. in order D. for
答案 A
4. ________ he worked all day， he couldnt finish the job.
A. Even B. In case C. Although D. In spite of
in case 万一
in spite of 尽管，引导短语
答案 C
5. ________ to New York， her father has not heard from her.
A. Because she went B. After she went
C. When she went D. Since she went
答案 D
6. “Did you return Freds call？”
“I dont need to _______ Ill see him tomorrow.”
A though B. because C. otherwise D. unless
答案 B
7. “My uncle comes in from Iran tonight.”
“How long has it been _______ you last saw him？”
A. since B. as C. while D. when
答案 A
8. The size of the audience， _________ we had expected， was well over one thousand.
A. whom B. as C. who D. that
well over 超过
答案 B
复合句部分除了应注意根据句子意思的需要选择恰当的关联词外，还应注意以下几点：
（1）所有的从句都要用陈述句的句序。如：
1.They want to know ________ do to help us.
A. what can they B. what they can
C. how they can D. how can they （答案 B）
2.Excuse me， sir. Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station？
（2）时间及条件状语从句，even if 、even though引导的让步状语从句，往往用一般现在时表示将来的情况，主句用一般将来时。
1.We promise that we will meet again after we _______ our college education in three years time.
A. finish B. will finish C. have finished D. will have finished （答案 A）
2.If Mary ________， tell her Ill call her back as soon as I return.
A. call B. calls C. called D. is going to call
（答案 B）
3.Even if it __________ tomorrow， the sports meet will take place.
A. will rain B. rains C. rain D. has rained
（take place 举行；答案 B）
（3）what和that 的区别
what可以引导主语、宾语、表语从句，在从句中作主语或宾语，有其具体的含义。
that 可以引导主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语从句，在前四种从句中that 没有任何具体的含义，也不充当从句的任何成分，所以当从句意义和结构完整时，关联词往往选择that.
1._______ we will do next is still under discussion.
A. That B. When C. Where D. What
（答案 D）
2.He found at last _______ he had been looking for.
A. that B. what C. where D. which
（答案 B）
3.He was overcome by the fear _________ he had lung cancer.
A. which B. what C. that D. of
（答案 C）
4.The doctor insists that my brother give up smoking.
that 在定语从句中可以指代先行词，表示人或物，作从句的主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略，但不能置于介词之后。当先行词为不定代词，或有only， very， first或形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句的主语或宾语一般需用that.that不可以引导非限定性定语从句。
1.I need a coat that / which is both warm and light in weight.
2.Is this the boy （whom / that） you were looking for？
3.At first the old man seemed unwilling to accept anything
_______was offered him by my friend and me.
A. that B. which C. what D. it（答案 A）
4.This is the very factory _______ we visited for the first
time in 1996.
A. where B. which C. that D. what（答案 C）
5.More and more young people like playing football， _______ is
an exciting game.（答案 B）
A. what B. which C. that D. because
（4）when和where在定语从句中可以分别指代先行词所表示的时间和地点，但在从句只能作状语，往往可以与“介词 + which”结构互换。
1.I still remember the place ______ our class once did some field work.（答案 C）
A. there B. which C. where D. when
2.We visited the house where / in which Lu Xun lived in Shanghai.
3.I still remember the year ________ I first came to this beautiful city.（答案 D）
A. which B. in which C. when D. Both B and C |
