38. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement .
[句子主干] 
Banking on the confusion between…and…for bringing…into…, computer-ed advocates often emphasize …
[语法难点]
“banking on the confusion between…”是主句的状语成分，注意其中的“between…and…”结构。“for bringing computers into schools”是表原因的状语成分。
[句子翻译]
一方面主张为普通教育而设立计算机课堂教学，另一方面是主张为职业的目的开展计算机教学，由于对以上两种目的的混淆，计算机教育倡导者往往只强调计算机教育对就业前景的影响而忽视了教育成就。
[翻译技巧]
“Banking on the confusion between…”如果直接译为“教育目标和职业目标存在争论”就显得不清晰，应该译为“一方面……；另一方面……”。“computer-ed advocates”译为“计算机教育倡导者”。

39．Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans , he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton on President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
[句子主干]
Declaring that he was opposed to using this…to clone humans, he ordered that federal funes not be used for an xperiment…
[语法难点]
有省略。declaring that…分句是主句的伴随成分，主句的骨干结构是he ordered that…，如果不注意分辨就会迷惑。“be opposed to do-ing sth”表示“禁止做……”，注意to后面是跟现在分词，而不是原形，这表示这个to是介词。破折号之内的内容是对“an experiment”的补充说明。“and asked…”是与“he order…”并列的成分，表示两个并列的动作。
[句子翻译] 
他宣称他反对利用这种不同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人，并下令禁止使用联邦基金做这种实验，--尽管还没有人提出要这样做--他建议成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈法罗夏皮罗领导的独立专家小组，在90天内就克隆人的国家政策问题提出建议并向白宫汇报。
[翻译技巧]
“federal funds”译为“联邦基金”。“an independent panel”译为“独立专家小组”。

40. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. "
[句子主干]
In a draft preface…, discussed…, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found…would be…
[语法难点]
有套和从句。该句是主从复合句，主句是“Shapiro suggested that…”,“discussed at the 17 May meeting”是非限定性定语从句，用来修饰主句。
[句子翻译]
在5月17日开会讨论的建议序言草稿中夏皮罗表示专家们已经取得广泛的一 直意见，认为“试图用成人细胞核去克隆婴儿是违背道德的。”
[翻译技巧]
“a drift preface”可译为“序言草稿”。“broad consensus”译为“大致上的一致”，不能译为“宽阔的一致，广阔的一致”。

41. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
[句子主干]
While…as there are historians , modern practice…conforms to one that sees…recreate and explain…
[语法难点]
有套和从句。该句是复合句。while引导的是状语从句，在这个状语从句中又含一个由as…引导的从句；第一个as是程度副词，第二个as是连词，引导比较状语从句。主句中that引导定语从句，修饰one，而one后的definition省略了。To create and explain都是不定式短语，用来修饰attempt。
[句子翻译]
几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为，历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释。
[翻译技巧]
while在此句中相当于although多放在句首。modern practice意为“现代实践”，可引申为“现代史学家的实践”。conform to是“符合于”的意思，转译成“趋向于……”。see…as…意为“把……看作……”。此外，recreate如译为“再创造”，就与句子逻辑意思相反了，应译为“再现”。

42. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
[句子主干]      
Interest in historical methods…through…challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discioline…more from.…
[语法难点]
本句是简单句。through引导的是转折状语从句。
[句子翻译]
人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
[翻译技巧]
翻译时一定要注意适当增词或减词。本句的主语interest in historical methods要根据上下文增词，译为“对历史研究方法的兴趣”，而不要译为“对历史方法的兴趣”。英语interest是名词“兴趣”，可转译为“关注”。

43．During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
[句子主干]
During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional…to interpret the new forms of evidence…
[语法难点]
有省略。这是一个简单句。Designed to是过去分词短语作定语，修饰methodologies。
[句子翻译]
在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
[翻译技巧]
句中augment作“充实、补充”解。Additional作“添加的，另外的”解。本句需要在准确理解各个短语的基础上，按句子的语法结构和逻辑意思进行汉语表达，应作必要的词义引申，增词或减词，以使译文流畅顺达。